The Effect Of External Factors On Purchase Free Essays

The outcomes show that segment, geographic and bunch fundamentally impact Pl. The discoveries of this examination help showcasing, directors and organizations to comprehend youthful Malaysian consumers’ conduct and Pl. Watchwords: outside components, buy aim (Pl), youthful age, Malaysia 1. We will compose a custom paper test on The Effect Of External Factors On Purchase or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Presentation Nowadays, buy expectation is more confused and more noteworthy for purchasers than previously. Clients are included by reports, ads, articles and direct mailings that give huge measure of data. Besides, various types of items, supplies, grocery stores and shopping centers have mind boggling and troublesome dynamic. This investigation centers around the youthful age in Malaysia as a result of certain reasons. Right off the bat, juvenile client portion is known as extraordinary section for some unique items. Furthermore, at the time of development from youth to early development, these client sections have their one of a kind customer practices and mentalities (Safari, AAA). Thirdly, juveniles’ impact on their families and shape family customer conduct; at long last, youthful buyers can change and impact culture just as society (Safari, AAA). What's more, as indicated by the past examinations, specialists contended that the outside on-screen characters (segment, geographic and gathering) impact Pl. Furthermore, there are a few challenges in applying these components and estimating their consequences for Pl. The impact of segment on Pl is muddled and confounding that should be inspected. For example, shoppers 18 to 24-year-old are â€Å"more likely than different customers to purchase an item spontaneously and change brands if the temperament strikes† (Abdul Raze Summarizing, 2009). Aside from that, there are still a few investigations that show the guys and females carry on and make Pl in various Ways. High school young men were progressively utilitarian, while oversee young ladies are increasingly social/prominent conscious† (Cathy Vincent, 2006). Moreover, various races have various practices, which can fundamentally influence Pl; for instance, the Malady are progressively devoted to the neighborhood brands contrasted with two other Malaysian races. In like manner, bunch impact altogether influences Pl. Gathering (interpersonal organizations, TV, compelling, books) impacts on youthful age in Malaysia and changes their way of life, conduct and buy expectation since they have adjusted with different societies (Eon, Ata Philip, 2008). 2. Writing Review Purchase aim implies a customer wants to purchase an item or administration cause he/she finds that he/she needs a specific item or administration, or even mentality towards an item and view of item. As such, buy goal implies buyer will purchase an item indeed after she or he assesses an item and discovers that the item worth purchasing. While purchasers select one specific item, a ultimate choice on tolerating 153 WV,m. Substance. Organization/birr International Business Research Volvo. 5, No. 8; 2012 an item to purchase or dismissing it relies upon consumers’ goal. Additionally, an enormous number of outside variables have been perceived, which can influence Pl (Keller, 2001). 2. The Effect of Demography on Pl One of the most significant highlights which impact Pl is segment (age, sex and race). Youthful shoppers in various ages have diverse conduct. A nineteen years of age customer may carry on distinctively with a quarter century old buyer. For instance, some youthful customers are more worried on the named items than other youthful purchasers (Nabob Mimed, 2010). The impact of sexual orientation relies upon certain components. For instance, females are increasingly worried about those sorts of items that are legitimately identified with house in light of the fact that as housewives, the nature of the items is progressively significant or them contrasted with men. In this manner, name, brands and quality have impacts on consumers’ PI (Seasonal, All Seabird, 2006; Safari, Bibb). Different elements that shape Pl among guys and females are data and training. For instance, an investigation shows that females are less knowledgeable about web based buying; in this manner, they depend on different proposals than guys during dynamic procedure (Ciao Yang, 2010). Climate and condition additionally impact on consumers’ Pl among guys and females. An examination shows that music in cafés has more impact on females than guys. Stephanie Wilson, 2003). Likewise, contemplates indicated that men are more hazard taking than ladies and they are more dependence on themselves to settle on buy choice than ladies (Seed, 2003). Diverse ethnic gatherings act distinctively to settle on buy choice. For instance, concentrates in the United States have indicated that African-Americans now and again have distinctive buy expectations than the whites (Americans). A few components can have impacts on various races, for example, media, notices, and TVs. The other model shows that 16% of wedded white ladies are bound to do mother buy than wedded dark ladies in the United States; yet some different components (financial, condition, culture, pay) could be joined with race to accomplish better results (Ciao Yang, 2010). 2. 2 The Effect of Geography on Pl The other outside factor that impacts consumers’ Pl is topography. Areas that items are being delivered and made are significant for buyers and can shape their Pl. A spot to search for natural items is critically fundamental for buyers. For example, an exploration shows that dominant part of purchasers want to purchase their natural food ND items from hypermarkets and shopping centers and just a couple of them appreciate of purchasing items in ranches (Sit Inertia, 2010). 2. 3 The Effect of Group on Pl Group additionally influences buyers and their Pl. Past encounters of superstars have used various suppositions and fundamental hypothetical grounds Of brain research to portray how a sponsorship as a persuasive impact consumers’ Pl and their conduct (Speed Thompson, 2000). Game superstars as a gathering of compelling figures have critical effects on youthful purchasers particularly when they need to settle on choice to pick a brand and Pl. Star individuals in each group effectsly affect buyer conduct. In this way, they would make brand for the team’s support since colleagues can pull in colossal measure of purchasers for a brand (Arcadias Fairyland, 2006). 3. Exploration Methodology 3. 1 Measures Data has been predominantly gathered dependent on essential examination and auxiliary exploration was utilized too. Past literary works were concentrated to perceive the components impacting customer Pl. Taking in and understanding key focuses from past literary works were joined with this momentum research study to acquire better outcomes. Inspecting methodology depends on likelihood based. The populace is in age gathering of 17-32 years of age as millennial/youthful age. Survey has conveyed to some Malaysian colleges. As indicated by the point of this exploration, the race of populace must be Malaysian just and questions Were written in English language. The example Was chosen from colleges (senior and junior understudies). SPAS delicate. Are was utilized to quantify/break down the information. 3. 2 Hypothesis Demographic factors decidedly impacts on buy aim, for instance, there is a distinction between youthful customers and grown-up age in the simplicity of procurement expectation. At times, male and female shoppers act diversely to settle on buy choice and furthermore various races have various effects on buy aim 154 WV. Quintessence. Organization/birr Volvo. 5, NO. 8; 2012 (Hid e, Gerard Alex, 2008). In this way, age, sex and race are unequivocally influencing Pl, which has been demonstrated by past examinations. Hey : (an): Age impact PI (b): Gender impact Pl (c): Race impact Pl Malaysia is separated into two distinct parts: west and east. Sit (2010) noticed that various territories and areas effectsly affect consumers’ conduct and buy goal. Buyers in urban communities and towns (country and urban) have distinctive conduct and buy aim (Wong Yah, 2008). In this way, provincial and urban impact Pl in an unexpected way. H2O: Geographic effect on Pl. Companion, relative, partner/cohorts and Media sway on buy aim. HA: Group influences Pl. . 3 Data Collection The survey in this investigation has been circulated to 350 respondents. 325 respondents have restored the finished poll, which made up 93% of by and large reactions. We have given the poll to understudies for the most part in their classes and we had left them and offered them sufficient opportunity to response the inquiries. Following 30 to 45 minutes we returned to classes and request that understudies bring polls back. The SPAS pro gramming has been utilized to break down the impacts of outer components (segment, geographic and bunch effect) on Pl. Shoppers between 17-32 years of age were chosen as youthful age. The exploration was completed at various districts in Malaysia, for example, International Islamic University Malaysia (MM), University Sebastian Malaysia (LIKE), University Putty Malaysia (JIM), Multimedia University (MIX) and Nation Library. The inquiries for the most part analyzed the impacts of rips, family members, cohorts/partners and media on consumers’ Pl. All scales estimated on 7-point Liker-type scales going from â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"strongly agree†. The segment factor is isolated into three separate classifications. These three gatherings included age, sexual orientation and race, which will be clarified in the accompanying subsections. As exhibited in Table 1, most respondents included are in the age gathering of 22-26 years of age. Investigation shows that 30. 2% of the respondents have a place with 17-21 age gathering, 40. 9% have a place with 22-26 age gathering and just 28. 9% are in the age scope of 27-32 years o

RBC Centura Bank Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RBC Centura Bank - Research Proposal Example Culture shares a typical perspective in regards to what establishes fitting business and relational connections and mirrors the general customs and interchanges styles recognized inside the business. At RBC Bank, proficiency and between staff regard are at the bleeding edge of culture where desires for execution start at the most elevated levels of the business and stream down to subordinate staff levels. In this specific association, the capacity to fit in with different workers by and large includes being proficient at the particular employment job. Wastefulness prompts an ineffectual group and the individuals who don't fit inside this social standard in regards to execution will for the most part make some troublesome memories making positive relationship with others. Hierarchical conduct, intently tied with culture, is the mentalities and moves which make place inside the business condition. Individuals in associations don't work in world renowned vacuums, implying that they reliably come into contact with others throughout a normal workday. Hierarchical conduct are the different associations between staff individuals which direct the general technique by which business is led both remotely and inside, for example, how colleagues communicate and how clients/customers are drawn nearer. Authoritative conduct is the human part of how business and the individual cooperate (Delta Publishing, 2006). At RBC Bank, much like its way of life, proficiency and execution are normal conduct qualities and desires. Shared regard is on the front line of the business’ strategies, where all business and partner exchanges happen in light of this reason. All customers and partner laborers carry on as indicated by high moral rules, proposing that the hierarchic al conduct at RBC Bank is one where administration characteristics are esteemed and created. Assorted variety is a typical subject at RBC Bank, characterized as different contrasts in

The Best New Years Career Resolutions for People in Their 30s

The Best New Years Career Resolutions for People in Their 30s When you think of a year having 365 days, or 52 weeks, you would think that you have ample time to achieve your goals.Add to that the life expectancy in the US of 78.6 years and you have lots of time. Right?If you have all that timeâ€"a lot of time indeedâ€"how come you don’t get to achieve those things you set your heart upon? How come the end of the year comes upon you so suddenly like a thief?Is it a lack of planning? Is it the lack of good goals, smart goals or realistic goals?And if so, then which goals are realistic? And just who gets to decide this anyway?The fact that some people have achieved what the majority think is impossible is evidence that goals are individual.For that reason, a “realistic” goal is only as realistic as you determine it to be.Consider the below examples of people who beat all odds to achieve what they wanted in life.Stephen Hawking beat disabilities and battled Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to continue with research and teaching using electronic devices. He had to train his mind to do things differently.Marla Runyan, legally blind from childhood, never stopped education. And when she joined sports, she came out with 5 gold medals for the Paralympics, has run in the Olympics and several marathons.Dominic O’Brien became an 8-time World Memory Champion with a Guinness World Record for memorizing the order of 54 shuffled packs of playing cards (2,808 cards) after viewing them just once. He also got the Brain of the Year and the Grand Master of Memory awards.Soichiro Honda left home at 15, worked as an apprentice for 6 years then started his own auto repair business at 22. Forming the Honda Motor Company while 42, it only took him 10 years for his company to become a leading motorcycle manufacturer in the world.Aren’t these the kind of people who motivate you? Aren’t their stories the ones which make you want to strip your life of everything and run towards your goal with 100% focus?But somehow, you don’t do that.Many re asons can be given for that. Maybe some of them are excuses.The Need for Goals in LifeDespite all the different philosophies and theories, one fact stands unopposed. You must have goals in life.This is not for the sake of fitting in. Many people have new year’s resolutions but few achieve them. So get out of the mob psychology and have a solid reason as to why you need new year’s resolutions.Life is a journey and never a destination.That means that you should not only think of life in terms of where you are going, but also how you get there. What you go through to get there.The challenges and victories. These are important and they are what define life.A failure to appreciate the journey makes you lose the strength to get to the destination.This is why you may be giving up so often because you face challenges.The problem is that you expect not to face challenges. Yet those challenges are what make you the right person for the destination. Have you ever noticed that only a certai n kind of people are in certain places?Look at successful business people. If you look into their lives, you’ll notice that they have some similarities. Yes, they have their differences but some things are common across the board.Look into the private lives of successful sportsmen and women. Ignore the scandals some of them are faced with. Do you know that they develop themselves for the success?That development comes through appreciating the journey. They embrace the challenges and work through them.So, the journey is important. But the destination is also important.Why?Because it is what determines the journey you take.The destination determines the path you take. If going to the coffee shop, you can walk.But if going to another continent, you fly.Those are two different journeys and they are determined by the destination.NEW YEAR CAREER RESOLUTIONSIn making new year’s resolutions, decide one thing this time round. You will embrace the journey. You will fight to get to the des tination but will also appreciate everything that comes your way.As you make your very personal career resolutions, here are some foundational ones to consider. These are not necessarily telling you how to make your career better.They are telling you the ingredients to ensuring the resolutions you make work.As you go through these, you’ll see how they tie in with the rest of your goals.Learn from the PastBeing in your 30s is very different from being in your 20s. You are more than a decade older now. Congratulations.So, are you better than you had been in the past decade? If you started working at 25, how have you progressed this far? Can you pinpoint specific moments of victory and loss?One of the most important things about progress is learning. You can never outgrow learning. Even in old age, with gray hair, there will still be something to learn.You can however stop learning if you decide there is no need for it. Fortunately, you haven’t gotten to that point, otherwise you w ouldn’t be reading this.To learn from the past, consider the below:1. What workedYou have definitely experienced victories in your life this far. But did you take time to find out just how you attained those successes? Did you think about the processes you followed? Did you give thought to the challenges you faced and how you overcame them?This is the right time to do this in case you didn’t. You see, in your 30s, you have tried what you first believed and now have an opportunity to make appropriate changes. If you noticed some methods or tools working well, then stick to those.But as you do, try and improve them. See where they fall short and strengthen them accordingly. Because if you are serious about achieving your life goals, more challenges lie ahead.2. What didn’t workFrom all the things you tried and have been trying, you must have noticed that some just never work. Maybe you’ve been using methods someone told you worked for them, even though they don’t work for yo u. It might be time to drop them.When you try fitting yourself into something which isn’t really fitting, you are actually working towards your own failure.The biggest thing you are risking is your confidence levels. You are trying to please the person by applying his advice even though it’s not working.Don’t waste any more time. Look for what works for you and embrace it.You can ask more people how they do things. You can check online for opinions and reviews.Better still, you can utilize your creativity and come up with unique ways of getting ahead.Work on Your Financial DisciplineMoney is not everything. It is not the measure of success. Noble examples like Mother Teresa prove this.But that doesn’t mean that money is not important. In fact, anyone claiming that money is not important will be lying. No-one wants to live in poverty. And yes, poverty is not the lack of money. It is mainly a mentality issue.But there is more to money that this.Diving slightly deeper, money do es more than buying food. It does more than buying a good home and obviously, it takes care of many problems. Source: PersonalFNFor career purposes, money is necessary for further schooling. It is necessary for dressing like the professional you are, or intend to be. It is necessary for networking in certain circles. This list can be long, but you get the idea.Yet money is not self-managing. It doesn’t have the ability to teach you how best to use it. Unless you use it to learn how to use it.More than that, you just need to mismanage your finances to see what trouble you can get into.Financial impropriety at a personal level can be career wrecking. The levels of stress resulting from it won’t help but show up in the office.If you are struggling to foot your bills, you will not be able to concentrate at work. Meaning you won’t be productive at all due to high stress levels.Is there any way your career will grow in such an environment? Very unlikely.Compare that to the confidence levels you gain when you know that you are not in debt. When you freely help out friends when they are in nee d.When you know that being fired can’t scare you since you have big savings. When you get email updates about the growth of your investments.This confidence is great for a boost in career success.Check your expenses. Have some savings and invest some money. Get yourself covered and see the peace you have while chasing your dreams.Find a MentorAre you humble enough to learn from others?It’s said that experience is the best teacher. But if you are keen enough, you’ll realize that this is not always true.When you make mistakes in your investments and lose your money, is this the best way for you to learn how to invest?No.It would have been better if someone walked you through the dos and don’ts and told you how to go about it.If that happened, then maybe you needed someone who would go the extra mile to teach you what to look for in an investment option.Maybe which investment vehicles are best for your situation.Now, finding such people is not easy. And though you may know some , reaching them might be your biggest problem.You still have to get through the fears of asking them to mentor you.Because the truth is that not every expert is open to mentoring others.So what do you do?Here are two ideas you can try:1. Approach them from a business perspectiveOne thing common with all experts is that they worked hard to become who they are. As such, you cannot get them to work with you if you don’t show value for their expertise.The reason people pay for mentorship is that they understand the value. They are willing to pay for personal guidance and since it cost them, they apply it.Often, what costs you nothing carries very little value to you. So when you approach a potential mentor from this perspective, he sees your need for help. You can be sure you’ll get more than you pay for if you are proactive.2. Learn from them behind the scenesOf course, not everyone who can’t afford conferences is simply not valuing good advice. You might understand the value of what you want but can’t prove it in terms of money at the moment.If this is you, cheer up. Where there is a will, there is a way. But there is still a cost involved, albeit less than the above option calls for.Get to the internet and search up the mentor of your choice. Get to his website and read the material he has there. Check him out on YouTube and follow him on social media. Experts always give tips and so much insight even in tweets. This is because they are full of the knowledge so it just flows out of them.This is what you will harvest. Since you understand the value, you will put it to use.Another avenue for gaining insight from your mentor is by reading his books. Books contain more than what someone can share on a platform.From a book, you can learn the challenges your mentor went through and be encouraged.So, if by some chance you can’t get your favorite mentor to physically walk with you, do it virtually. This is how many experts themselves grow.They learn from each other through many means, including reading their books.Work on Your HealthYou have your eyes set on improving your career. But have you considered improving your health?Do not ignore your health. It is your body that works. It is your mind that thinks through problems and comes up with solutions.It is your eyes which help you read reports and emails. It is your heart that distributes nutrients throughout your body using pumped blood.Can you really afford to neglect the body that does all these and many other things? The answer is no. Here are three things to work on:1. FoodThere has been lots of talk about healthy eating. And there is need for more talk about it. But more importantly, there is need for people to start applying the information they gather from the talks and seminars.Eating healthy is not difficult. It just needs some dedication. Dedication to do away with white rice and embrace brown rice. Avoid white bread and take brown or wholemeal.As far as grains are concerned , just do away with anything white and embrace brown, or even better, whole.Taking fruits and increasing your vegetable intake is quite obvious. Here is a list of nutrients found in popular vegetables. And here is one for popular fruits.Do not ignore the need to take proteins. If conscious of your weight, which is a good thing, go lean. Use steak instead of the usual beef because the fat in it is not good.Take the healthy fat from oily fish and get better eyes and brain cells.2. WaterIf water making up to 60% of your body doesn’t tell you its importance, then you need help. Dehydration affects your brain’s functioning and your muscles too.Also of importance here is the fact that water helps detoxify your body. This body which works so hard to get you to your goals, has some things it needs to get rid of. Without water, your excretory system will not function well enough. Source: USGSNot taking water is an easy way of slowing yourself down. Yet you’re expecting to achieve your new year’s resolutions.3. ExerciseIgnore the toned body and the protruding muscles which serve as proof of how strong you are. Do you know there are more benefits to exercising than these?Do not focus on muscles only. For wholesome success, you have to gain the inward benefits of exercising too.These happen in the mind, heart and yes, body muscles. When your heart is strong, it does its job well. Commit to improving the strength and overall health of your heart through cardiac exercises.Your mind will need mental exercises while your body will do well with physical exercise.Still, physical workout benefits both your heart and mind, even as your muscles gain from it.Divide Your Goals Into Short And Long TermYour goals should be big. In fact, they should be so big that they are scary. If they are not, then you may not be someone worth remembering.Look at the people mentioned a t the beginning of this article. They have achieved serious goals and that has given them much popularity.We are not telling you to seek popularity. We are just pointing out that the reason these people are popular is the kind of goals they achieved.But as good and admirable as big goals and dreams are, they cannot be achieved as they are. This is one of the reasons many people don’t move forward.They listen to successful people talk and want to be like them.Then they develop a desire to succeed quickly. They want big results fast.This is why at the beginning, we told you that you have to anticipate and appreciate the journey.Your big goals need to be broken down in order to be worked on.For example, your big goal may be to have the biggest online marketing business in the country. You will never achieve this goal as it is.This is because there is so much to be done to get there.You may not even understand half of what needs to be done, yet it has to be done.For this big goal, you need to have smaller onesâ€"your short-term goals.These can include building a website, building an online presence through social media, market research, learning copywriting or hiring copywriters etc.CONCLUSIONYou have no excuse to lag behind.Whether you already made your new year’s resolutions or want to do it now, pick something from here.Implement it alongside the resolutions you come up with. In so doing, you will ensure that before you hit 40, you have much to be proud of.

What Is Prior Restraint Definitions and Examples

Prior restraint is a type of censorship in which speech or expression is reviewed and restricted before it occurs. Under prior restraint, a government or authority controls what speech or expression can be publicly released. Prior restraint has a history of being viewed as a form of oppression in the United States. The Founding Fathers had experienced the effects of prior restraint while under British rule, and they specifically used language in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution—freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to guard against prior restraint, which they felt was a violation of democratic principles. Key Takeaways: Prior Restraint Prior restraint is the review and restriction of speech prior to its release.Under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which protects speech and freedom of the press, prior restraint is deemed unconstitutional.There are some exceptions to prohibitions against prior restraint, including obscenity and national security.Famous cases dealing with prior restraint include Near v. Minnesota, New York Times Co. v. U.S., Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart, and Brandenberg v. Ohio. Prior Restraint Definition Prior restraint is not limited to speech. It can impact all forms of expression including writing, art, and media. It legally takes the form of licenses, gag orders, and injunctions. The government might outright prevent public distribution of media, or place conditions on speech that make it difficult for it to occur. Something as seemingly harmless as a town ordinance restricting where newspapers can be sold could be considered prior restraint. Exceptions to the Prior Restraint Doctrine U.S. courts view prior restraint as unconstitutional until proven otherwise. The government entity or organization looking to review and restrict speech must offer an extremely compelling reason for the restriction to even be considered. Courts have recognized some of these reasons as exceptions to the general illegality of prior restraint. Obscenity: U.S. Courts have decided that the distribution of certain obscene material can be limited in order to preserve public decency. Obscene material is a limited category. Pornographic material on its own might not be considered obscene. However, obscenity applies to pornographic material that features unwilling or underage participants.Court documents: Most court documents like land deeds, complaints, and marriage licenses are publicly available. A court may place an injunction (a restriction) on court records during an ongoing criminal case to prevent public disclosure. Outside of an injunction, publishing information that may damage a case can be penalized but cannot be used as an exception to allow prior restraint.National Security: Some of the most powerful and significant arguments in favor of prior restraint came from the publication of government documents. The government has a compelling interest in keeping defense documents classified if they might jeopardize ongoing military action, particularly during wartime. However, courts have determined that the government must prove an inevitable, direct, and immediate danger, in order to justify reviewing and restricting publication in the name of national security. Major Cases Involving Prior Restraint The most famous cases concerning prior restraint form the foundation of free expression in the U.S. They are cross-disciplinary, focusing on art, speeches, and documents. Near v. Minnesota Near v. Minnesota was one of the first U.S. Supreme Court cases to take on the issue of prior restraint. In 1931, J.M. Near published the first issue of The Saturday Press, a controversial, independent paper. The governor of Minnesota at the time filed a complaint under the states public nuisance law for an injunction against the paper. He alleged that The Saturday Press was malicious, scandalous, and defamatory, qualities which were illegal under the law. In a 5-4 decision delivered by Justice Charles E. Hughes, the court found the statute unconstitutional. The government cannot restrict publication prior to the release date, even if the material being published might be illegal. New York Times Co. v. United States In 1971, the Nixon administration attempted to block the publication of a group of documents known as the Pentagon Papers. The papers were part of a study commissioned by the Department of Defense to document U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. The Nixon Administration argued that if the New York Times published information from the study, it would harm U.S. defense interests. Six Supreme Court justices sided with the New York Times, denying the governments request for an injunction. The Court adopted a heavy presumption against prior restraint under the First Amendment. The governments interest in keeping the papers secret could not provide a strong enough reason to restrict the freedom of the press. In a concurring opinion, Justice William J. Brennan added that the government did not offer evidence that the papers would result in direct and immediate harm to U.S. troops. Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart In 1975, a Nebraska state trial judge issued a gag order. He was concerned that media coverage of a murder trial might prevent the court from seating an unbiased jury. The Supreme Court heard the case a year later. In a unanimous decision delivered by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger,  the court struck down the gag order. The court argued that restricting media coverage did little to help ensure a fair trial and allowed rumors to overcome factual reporting. The press should not be hindered except in situations where there is a clear and present danger that the media will disrupt the trial, Justice Burger wrote. The court listed ways that a fair trial could be ensured without the use of a gag order. Brandenberg v. Ohio In 1964, a Klu Klux Klan leader in Ohio delivered a speech at a rally using derogative and racist language. He was arrested under Ohios syndicalism law for publicly advocating for violence. Clarence Brandenburg was convicted and sentenced and his appeals were affirmed or dismissed by lower courts. The Supreme Court reversed his conviction on the basis that Ohios syndicalism law violated the First Amendment. The court ignored prior language surrounding inciting violence like clear and present danger and bad tendency. In Brandenburg v. Ohio, the Court unanimously backed the imminent and lawless action test. In order to restrict speech for inciting violence, the government must provide a compelling argument to show intent, imminence, and likelihood to incite. Sources Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931).Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971).Howard, Hunter O. â€Å"Toward a Better Understanding of the Prior Restraint Doctrine: A Reply to Professor Mayton.†Ã‚  Cornell Law Review, vol. 67, no. 2, Jan. 1982, scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?refererhttps://www.google.com/httpsredir1article4267contextclr.

The Health Care System Of New Zealand Essay - 1745 Words

Leadership is mandatory in all industries either it is health care or any other Business. As we already know that leadership is a learning process and without a leader any organization cannot survive. The Health care system of New Zealand has shown the significant changes within past decades and it varies according to historical, political, and social contexts. The history shows that there were huge health differences between the Maoris and non-Maoris, which were due to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, distinctions and limited healthcare facilities. The Healthcare leadership of New Zealand shows a continuous changes from 1800s to 2016. The first hospital was built in Auckland and Wellington in year 1845 and 1846 respectively. The hospitals were also build in Dunedin and in Christchurch in 1851 and 1862. The first legislation under the hospital act was passed in 1885.The department of health was again reconstructed in 1920, Its first head was Te Rangi Hiroa and later on its under the control of Maori doctor named Edward Ellison.The New Zealand’s national health care system was established in the 1930 and Maori Health councils founded in 1931.Its main motive was to provide free medical care by salaried medical practitioners. At that time, the system has two types of care, primary and secondary care. The primary care was provided by state funds but it was controlled by Individual doctors and the secondary care was under the state and utilized with the government subsidies.Show MoreRelatedThe Leadership Structure Of New Zealand Health Care System Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe leadership structure of New Ze aland health care system has a slight modification. Later 2008, the twenty-one District Health Boards (DOB) that act as a consumer and supporter maintained in the population liable for health to ensure services are arranged effectively and efficiently for all New Zealand. District Health Board consist of seven elected members and four delegated by the Minister of Health (MOH). It requires to select board members, but the condition is to have two representatives fromRead MoreLeadership Structure Of New Zealand Health Care System Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership structure of New Zealand health care system has a slight modification. Later 2008, the twenty-one District Health Boards (DOB) that act as a consumer and supporter maintained for the population liable for health to ensure services are arrange effectively and efficiently for all New Zealand. District Health Board consist of seven elected members and four delegated by the Minister of Health (MOH). It requires to select board members, but the condition is to have two representative from MaoriRead MoreA Brief Note On The New Zealand Health Care System Essay2202 Words   |  9 PagesDietitians play an important role in the New Zealand health-care system, as their work directly affects numerous risk factors for many serious diseases and conditions. They are specialists in diet choices and nutrition and work in a variety of roles within different organisations, encouraging the general public, groups, and individuals to make healthy diet choices. As the New Zealand health system has an increasing focus on preventing disease at the primary sector and the integration of many differentRead MoreNew Zealand Introduced A Tax Based Financing Health Care System Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesNew Zealand introduced a tax-based financing health care system in 1947 (Cumming et al, 2013) and Singapore had a similar system after its independence in 1965 (Haseltine, 2013). Due to the increasing pressure on public spending in financing health care, both countries have introduced health care reforms since the 1970s to ease the pressure (Li, 2006). New Zealand has experienced a series of reforms which represented a major restructuring of the health system. The reforms have led to the creationRead MoreComparison : Learning From The Us And New Zealand Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesHealth care system in comparison: Learning from the US and New Zealand New Zealand and the United States put a great deal of attention to their health care where they share some similarities, as well as differences. Both countries similarly focus on a better number of covered individuals on order to create an enrolled population. However, both countries are the example two significantly different health care approaches regarding their service scope, benefit, and financing sources. This essay triesRead MoreChronic Medical Condition : Asthma1055 Words   |  5 PagesSEMESTER 1 2015 PARAMEDIC PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PARA705 Assessment 2 Written Assignment Chronic medical condition: Asthma Word count: 2000 Introduction This assignment will explore and discuss asthma through the insight of a ten year old asthma patient Miss B. Miss B’s description of asthma will be defined whilst aligning this to current literature. Patient care treatment plans will be discussed according to the New Zealand health system, this will be contrasted to whatRead MoreThe New Zealand Healthcare System Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care expenses than any other nation. In 2009, the US spent 16% of its GDP on the health care industry. This represents nearly double the amount spent by other OECD nations (an average of 8.7%) and came in 40 percent higher than the next highest nation, France, which had an 11.2% of GDP outlays on health care expenditures. If we examine these costs at an individual level the US spent $7,538 per capita (per person) on health care. This was more than doubleRead MoreThe New Zealand Healthcare System1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of health care remains among the most significant study areas around the globe. Health care society ensures that every individual within the society is provided with the most efficient and effective health care, this will increase their ability to participate in the national building. New Zealand is among the nations that have put great efforts in providing high-quality health care to its citizens. The New Zealand healthcare system has gone through a number of significant changes for theRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And New Zealand Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Treaty of Waitangi has a high importance in New Zealand. It is the first formal document establishing the principles and rights in our country. (Kingi ,2007, p. 4) The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2011, p. 21) stated that the definition of the Treaty of Waitangi is that it is, â€Å"The founding document for Aotearoa/ New Zealand signed in 1840 by Maori people and the British Crown.† The Treaty of Waitangi was  "designed as a platform for Maori Health development† in order to help the decreasing populationRead MoreCultural Safety in Clinical Practice1658 Words   |  7 Pagescommon sense of identity. (Brown Edwards, 2012). New Zealand (NZ) is a multi-cultural society composed of peoples from various ethnicities. NZ population is composed of 74% European; 15% Maori; 12% Asian, 7% Pacific peoples, and 1% Middle Eastern / Latin American / African. Aside from the English language (96%), the other common languages used in NZ are te reo Maori (3.7%), Samoan (2.2%), Hindi (1.7%), Chinese (1.3%) and French (1.2%). Almost 42% of New Zealanders does not have religion and the largest

The Financial Crisis’ Lack of Impact on IB Programs Free Essays

The past year everyone in Greece is complaining about the financial crisis that hit the country during the autumn of 2009. Although in the beginning most people believed that the country would be able to go through it without major problems, they were soon proven wrong. Not only Greece wasn’t able to manage the crisis but almost faced bankruptcy and had to go under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in order to survive. We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial Crisis’ Lack of Impact on IB Programs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The financial measures enforced by the IMF affected the financial situation of all citizens of Greece. Although the richest families even started facing financial problems, the number of students graduating from private schools not only did not have a decrease, but in contrast had a small increase. In Greece, in order to be sure one will study abroad, it would be best the student would follow the International Baccalaureate program, mostly referred to as IB. Since the first year the IB program came to Greece by Moraitis School (1984) the number of students deciding to follow it and go study abroad has been increasing steadily. But not only has the number of students graduating from private high schools increased, during a very severe financial crisis, but the percentage of students going to study abroad through the IB program has remained stable. Despite the fact that the tuition fees for the International Baccalaureate are more than those for the regular Greek high school program offered by private schools. During the academic years prior to the economic crisis, the IB program had a steady increase of 10% when it came to its students. More specifically the academic year 2006/07 the percentage of students attending the program was 50 % and a year later it had come to a total of 60%. A year later, the academic year 2008/09, the percentage of students rose to a 70% and as it was the year before the financial crisis hit the country, it was the last year there was an increase in the number of students applying for the IB program. Since last year, the academic year 2009/10, the percentage of IB students has remained stable at a 60% despite the fact that the economy of the country is in a worse state during the past 6 months. Moraitis School statistics). Mrs. Zalma, a mother of three, out of which the two are graduates and the youngest one will go to university next fall said â€Å"Despite the economic crisis, I agreed with my son to follow the IB program, as I saw that my daughter who graduated from a foreign university has more work opportunities than my older son who finished a Greek university. † The fact that there are more opportunities for a career in foreign countries due to the economic crisis is a major reason why many students decide to go study abroad. Not only because certain specialities are different from country to country (such as law), but also because parents and students do not trust the Greek universities to provide them a high standard certificate, when it comes to universities other from architecture, medicine law and economics. As Mrs. Papadopoulou said, â€Å"I don’t mind paying higher tuition fees for our son’s education in the middle of an economic crisis, as I know he will have a better future than staying to study in Greece, due to the higher standards of the certificates of foreign universities. This is the way most parents sending their children study abroad think, having in mind not what speciality their children are going to choose but if the university they decide to attend to has a good reputation and therefore credibility or not. But this is not only the way of thought of parents that are worried about the future of their children. As mentioned above, it is also the students that nowadays do not trust the power of a certificate from a Greek institution. During the past decade that I have been working for Moraitis School, I have seen more and more students wanting to study abroad, as they do not trust the Greek educational system. They feel more confident having a bachelor degree from foreign universities, especially from the States, United Kingdom and France. † said Mr. Edippidis, maths teacher in Moraitis School. This shows that even students have the same angst as their parents concerning their future and want to go out to the workplace equipped with a strong degree, especially now in the midst of this financial crisis. In order to achieve this and feel confident they choose a more expensive but more promising program to make sure they will have a place in the universities of their choice. This way, as the trust of students towards the Greek universities is fading and the workplace in Greece does not offer the same opportunities as other countries, students and parents turn towards the educational institutes of those countries. And as they feel they will a have a better chance of entering those universities through the IB program, families do not care giving a little more to education, despite the difficult financial situation in Greece. How to cite The Financial Crisis’ Lack of Impact on IB Programs, Papers

Designing and Implementing Competency Models †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Designing and Implementing Competency Models. Answer: Introduction The AHRI model of excellence tells us what an HR practitioner should do and what exactly is expected out of a HR practitioner. It tells us what the peer expects out of the HR practitioner. The model of excellence was developed upon survey that was conducted by the practitioner of HR from Australia and CEO. The model is used as a concrete guide for the entire human resource program that is being provided within the country. There are many Australian universities that are being accredited by AHRI; these institutions acknowledge the AHRI model of excellence as a guide to acknowledge the performances. It is a foundation for AHRI certification program (Armstrong and Taylor,2014.). The Circle of the model says that there are ten behavior and 7 capabilities that everyone should have idea about. This is a graphical explanation that a HR should have knowledge about the following. There are seven capabilities that is mentioned in the model and all these 7 capabilities are very important. In order to carry out business operations smoothly the HR should have some competencies which will help to main the human resources in the organization. These seven capabilities demand that the strategies of the business are well aligned with the capabilities. It helps to increase the performance of the business. A human resource practitioner should be with the 7 capabilities that are being mentioned in order to carry out effective business operations. It has to align with the business strategy to get the best possible results (Knowles et al, 2014). I am a very good at analyzing the situation that is I am in and I like critically evaluate each and every point before I come to any kind of solution. I am very critical and try to find the best solution possible while staying focused and calm in the particular situation. I try to look in to the future plan and strategies and accordingly try to align my ideas with those strategies. I try to develop relationship with others so that it gives me a chance to influence them in best possible way (Brewster et al, 2016). Before coming to a situation I like to analyze the situation and take time to critically evaluate the situation so that to analyze if there is a problem and if I find any problem, in that case I try to find the cause of the problem and try to solve by solving the cause. I dont come to a conclusion direct; rather I look at the situation from 360 degree view and try to find the gaps. Then I try fill in those gaps according to my analyzing power. Once these gaps are fulfilled the problems gets solve easily. I understand that the people who are in relation to functioning of a work who are also known as stakeholders and accordingly try to know their duties and there situation so that it helps to build up a strong relationship so that the duties can be carried out in a smoother way possible (Kavanagh and Johnson, 2017). I do understand what the strategies of the organization are and what their goal is and where they want to go in the future and accordingly formulate my ideas so that it gets easy aligned with each other. I can easily understand the culture and the working environment of the organization and analyze the situation to come up with better ideas which helps to deliver better results. I like to acquire knowledge as much as possible and keep my learning process continuous so that I acquire new learning which will help me cope with the upcoming challenges. I like to stay update with the present happening which helps me to anticipate future happenings so that I can stay well prepared for the future. I understand that human resource skills are very important to carry out business operations and accordingly I work in alignment with the need (Rao, 2014). I am a good advisor as a person who likes to uphold the characteristics in a way such that it is emphasized and holds a greater position in the eyes of the others. I have developed good communication so it helps me to convey any kind of message and influence people. I also understand the work place and the environment and thereby like to do research on how to make it better in all way so that it becomes a better place to carry out the work. Work place is a very important while it come carrying out the organizational activities. I understand this as important and try for the betterment of the environment of work in a best way possible. It is understandable that human resources strategies are very important for the organization and i understand that and i try to formulate strategies accordingly. The role of the human resource practitioner in an organization is varied and it is to be understood that human resource manager should carry out the duties and responsibilities very sincerely. The environment and the work culture within the organization is a very important point that should not be overlooked as it carries a very importance. There are numerous instances where the people working within the organization face many problems and difficulties and i understand those issues very minutely and always tries to solve these problems as fast as possible case. I try to find the cause of the problem and try to solve by solving the cause. I dont come to a conclusion direct; rather I look at the situation from 360 degree view and try to find the gaps. Then I try fill in those gaps according to my analyzing power. Once these gaps are fulfilled the problems gets solve easily The AHRI model of excellence tells us what an HR practitioner should do and what exactly is expected out of a HR practitioner, this model should be considered as a guide for each and every human resource practitioner. This model should be addressed thoroughly so that it get easier for hr managers to work efficiently. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P. and Vernon, G., 2016.International human resource management. Kogan Page Publishers. Gatewood, R., Feild, H.S. and Barrick, M., 2015.Human resource selection. Nelson Education. Kavanagh, M.J. and Johnson, R.D. eds., 2017.Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications. Knowles, M.S., Holton III, E.F. and Swanson, R.A., 2014.The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Routledge. Pinto, J.K., Patanakul, P. and Pinto, M.B., 2017. The aura of capability: Gender bias in selection for a project manager job.International Journal of Project Management,35(3), pp.420-431. Rao, T.V., 2014.HRD audit: Evaluating the human resource function for business improvement. SAGE Publications India. Sanghi, S., 2016.The handbook of competency mapping: understanding, designing and implementing competency models in organizations. SAGE Publications India.

Umpqua Bank Analysis

Umpqua Bank is a private financial holding company based in Portland, Oregon, United States. Its headquarters are located at Umpqua Bank Plaza in Portland. The bank engages in the commercial as well as retail banking. It also engages in the business of retail brokerage services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Umpqua Bank Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The bank’s client services division offers financial services as well as products to individual customers. It has several holdings where it offers its customers personal checking as well as saving accounts, various insurance policies, unit investment trusts plus mutual funds. It also offers business checking as well as saving accounts. In addition the bank offers certificates of deposits as market accounts. Umpqua Bank is a subsidiary of Umpqua Holdings Corporation which has existed since 1953 (Umpqua Bank, 2011). It was first established in Canyo nville, Oregon, by a group of people who engaged in the timber-logging business whose aim was to create an institution where they could cash their payroll checks. It was then named as South Umpqua State Bank and located at the Masonic Lodge. In 1972, the bank moved its headquarters to Roseburg, Oregon. The bank continued to expand; however, it took a major turn a major turn in 1994 when Ray Davis took over as President and CEO. Davis launched a new strategy as well as direction for the company (Umpqua Bank, 2011). He shortened the name to Umpqua Bank. By then, the company had total assets worth $150 million (Umpqua Bank, 2011). In 1995, the company launched its first retail-oriented flagship store at its headquarters in Roseburg. A year later, the bank established four new stores in Lane County to offer unique customer experience. In 1998, Umpqua Bank went public through initial public offering and was listed at NASDAQ OMX Stock Exchange. The following year, the bank became Umpqua H oldings Corporation and acquired Strand Atkinson Williams York brokerage firm.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 2000, the bank company formed its first merger with Valley of the Rogue Bank. In 2003, it opened up a store in Portland’s Pearl District and World Greatest Bank University to offer bank-related courses. In 2004, the Bank expanded into California by acquiring Humboldt Bank Holding Company subsidiaries. In 2006, Umpqua opens a new store in Portland and also acquires Western Sierra Bancorp to become the largest community Bank in Sacramento region (Umpqua Bank, 2011). It opened a state-of-the-art technology in Portland’s Southwest waterfront in 2007 to offer new customer experience. It also acquired Vintage Bank in Napa, CA, the same year. In 2008, the company partnered with Energy Trust Oregon to establish GreenStreet Lending to small business at low -interest rates. In 2009, its eco-banking division began ways to make the company environmentally friendly (Umpqua Bank, 2011). In January 2009, Umpqua took over the deposits of Vancouver Bank from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (Kish, 2011). A year later, January 2010, the bank also took control of deposits of Seattle Evergreen Bank which had been closed by the Washington Department of Financial Institutions. In February the same year, the bank took over the deposits of Tacoma Bank from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Two months later, it reached an agreement with its owner, Rainier Pacific Bank, to purchase it from the FDIC (Kish, 2011). The company has three Board of Directors; Peggy Fowler, Luis Machuca and Hilliard Terry. Umpqua Bank is headed by Ray Davis, who is the President And CEO. Under him are Duff Greg, Vice President, Ken Vogt, Vice President, Craig Fair, Vice President Finance, Beth Fox, Vice President Technical Systems, Joe Plummer, V ice President, Network Engineer and Security, Angela Machado, Vice President, Business Development Officer, Dave Nelson, Vice President, Commercial Loan Officer, Ron Piatt, Vice President and Commercial Loan Officer, Donna Huntsman, Senior Vice President-Private, Rick Calero, Executive Vice President of Community Banking, Kelly Johnson, Executive Vice President-Asset Management, Sheryl Stanley, Assistant Vice President Accounting, Ross Blanchard Assistant Vice President Systems, Ric Carey, Executive Vice President of Store experience and Sales and Rich Sauter, Director Ebanking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Umpqua Bank Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next level executives are branch and division managers, system and credit analysts as well as auditors. Umpqua Holdings Corporations has an asset value of $8,324.6 million. The bank’s total trading assets as per the second quarter of 2010-11 fiscal year remained constant at $3 million while intangible assets also remained at $696 million during the whole period. Other assets were valued at $1179 million at the end of the second quarter having increased from $1624 million. Thus, at the close of the second quarter of the trading period, the bank’s asset value was $11460 million. Umpqua Bank’s return on assets over the last trailing twelve months was valued at 0.4% while asset turnover was 0.04% (Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). Umpqua Bank’s total deposits at the end of the second quarter were $9146 million as compared to last year’s total which was $9434 million at the close of that period (Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). Its short-term debts were $257 million at the close of the second quarter while its long-term debts stood at $184 million. At the same time, its net loans were $6397 millions. The bank’s total liabilities were $9785 million as compared to what was registered at the end of last trading period which was $10026 millions while its total equity increased from $1643 million to $1674 million ((Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). At the end of the second quarter, the company had acquired a net margin of 9.5% in the trailing 12 months with a financial leverage of 6.8%. Its return on equity in the trailing 12 months was 2.9% (Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). For more than 3 years, Umpqua Bank has faced non-stop credit quality problem which resulted from the recently experienced global recession. This has created losses in the previous financial years, 2007-2009. The bank is almost overcoming the loan problems.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It had to increase its lending rates to help it reduce its loan losses. However, the major problem that the bank faces now is how to maintain its credit quality as well as how to improve its declining loans. The bank’s Chief Executive reports that the company’s total loans decreased from $1.7 billion in 2009 to $1.6 billion in 2010 (Manning, 2011). The second quarter financial statement also show that the net loans declined from USD 6419 million in December 2010 to USD 6397 million in June 2011 (Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). The increase in the number of banks applying for bankruptcy in the region presents a great opportunity for expansion to the bank in already established markets. Umpqua has remained stronger in the region in the face of the bad loans as well as losses. The bank’s Chief Executive, Ray Davies, reports that FDIC has approached them thrice to buy deposits of failed banks (Manning, 2011). It has already purchased Tacoma Bank while Vancouver Bank plus Seattle Evergreen Bank still remain under its control though not yet purchased. Besides, with the introduction of Bassel III, several other banks may fail to meet the capital requirements. This will also present an opportunity to make acquisitions and to expand. The Commercial industry trends bound to affect Umpqua Bank The adoption of Bassel III is likely to affect the bank’s future business. Umpqua Bank may face problems in meeting Bassel III’s capital requirements. According to the Morningstar Equity Research (2011) Bassel III is an international agreement whose aim is to standardize certain banking safety requirements throughout the world. Bassel III will require banks to hold additional capital. It will place standards on the quality as well as quantity of capital required on banks. This means that banks will have to preserve Tier 1 common capital ratios so as to be able to absorb loan losses. Tier 1 capital will rise from the current 6% to 10.5% (Mornin gstar Equity Research, 2011). Bassel III will also eliminate some items like deferred tax assets from the core capital. Again the minimum common equity will increase from the current 2% to 7% (Morningstar Equity Research, 2011). Again, the Bassel III is yet to announce the definition of Systematically Important Financial Institution (SIFI). Companies classified as SIFI will be expected to hold additional not-yet-determined capital. This will have a significant impact on individual financial institution’s competitive advantage as they will have to acquire additional capital. Such move is likely to have a significant impact on Umpqua Bank should it fall under the SIFIs as it may affect the bank’s competitive position in the US. Since the banks merger with Valley of the Rogue Bank in 2000, the bank has expanded its market share to lead other financial institutions in Jackson County. By the end of June this year, the company’s deposits were measured at $456.5million which translated into 16.7% of the nation’s banking deposits (Stiles, 2011). The bank has been able to edge out other companies which were ahead of it in the market such as Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase. Umpqua Bank has grown over the years to accumulate more than $8 billion in assets. When Ray Davies took over in 1994 as the company’s CEO and President, the bank had only $150 million in assets (Tweel, 2008), however, it has grown over the years to reach $8.325 billion. In addition, Umpqua Bank has made significant expansions across Oregon, San Francisco, and Seattle among other regions. Currently, the bank boasts of over 180 branches (Davis, 2010). In May this year, Umpqua Bank was ranked top by the 2011 US Retail Banking Satisfaction Study for offering the best customer services (satisfaction). It was ranked highest in customer satisfaction (J. D. Power and Associates, 2011). Umpqua Bank’s attempts to leverage its credit quality and loan losses by increasing the lending rates have not worked well for the bank. Although it came up with the GreenStreet Lending program for small business, it did not implement other mechanisms which would encourage large businesses to acquire loans from the bank, and this has been the reason behind its falling loans. Umpqua Bank has been able to achieve stability and growth in the market and still continues to expand through acquisitions. However, it has to implement strategies which will allow it maintain its strength in the market as regards loans. Reference List Davis, R. (2010). Umpqua notes. Web. J. D. Power and Associates. (2011). Umpqua Bank ranked highest in the Northwest for customers satisfaction. Web. Kish, M. (2011). Umpqua profits climb, beat estimates. Portland Business Journal. Web. Manning, J. (2011). Umpqua Bank back in the black, says problem in the past. Web. Morningstar Equity Research. (2011). Umpqua Holdings Corporation UMPQ. Portland: Morningstar. Stiles, G. (2011). Umpqua Bank is ag ain no. 1 in local deposits. Web. Tweel, C. A. (2008). Leading for growth: Assessing the growth impact of Umpqua Bank’s cultural makeover. North Carolina Banking Institute, 12: 307-419. Umpqua Bank. (2011). Our roots: An interactive history timeline. Web. This essay on Umpqua Bank Analysis was written and submitted by user Otto Skinner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Compare Two Novels in Comparative Essay

How to Compare Two Novels in Comparative Essay At some point in your literature studies, probably just about the time you get really good at finding the theme of a novel and coming up with a sound analysis of a single literary piece, you will be required to compare two novels. Your first task in this assignment will be to develop a good profile of both novels. You can do this by making a few simple lists of traits that might be comparable. For each novel, identify a list of characters and their roles in the story or important characteristics, and any important struggles, time periods, or major symbols (like an element of nature). You may also attempt to come up with book themes that could be comparable. Sample themes would include: Man versus nature (is each main character battling the elements?)Individual versus society (does each main character feel like an outsider?)Struggle between good and evil (are your characters involved in good v. evil scenarios?)Coming of age (do the main characters experience a tough lesson that makes them grow?) Your assignment will most likely give you direction as to whether you should find specific characters, story characteristics, or overall themes to compare. If it is not that specific, dont worry! You actually have a little more leeway. Comparing Two Novel Themes The teachers goal when assigning this paper is to encourage you to think and analyze. You no longer read for a surface understanding of what happens in a novel; you are reading to understand why things happen and what the deeper meaning  behind a character is a setting or an event. In short, you are expected to come up with an interesting comparative analysis. As an example of comparing novel themes, we will look at The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Red Badge of Courage. Both of these novels contain a coming of age theme since both have characters who grow a new awareness through tough lessons. Some comparisons you could make: Both characters have to explore the notion of civilized behavior in the societies where they exist.Each main character has to question the behavior of his male role models and his male peers.Each main character leaves his childhood home and encounters challenges. To craft an essay about these two novels and their similar themes, you would create your own list of similarities like those above, using a list, chart, or a Venn diagram. Sum up your overall theory about how these themes are comparable to create your thesis statement. Here is an example:​Both characters, Huck Finn and Henry Fleming, embark on a journey of discovery, and each boy finds new understanding when it comes to traditional notions about honor and courage. You will use your common characteristic list to guide you as you create body paragraphs. Comparing Main Characters in Novels If your assignment is to compare the characters of these novels, you would make a list or Venn diagram to make more comparisons: Both characters are young menBoth question societys notion of honorBoth witness behavior that makes them question their role modelsBoth have a nurturing female influenceBoth question their former beliefs Comparing two novels is not as difficult as it sounds at first. Once you generate a list of traits, you can easily see an outline emerging.

Cheating in Educational Institutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cheating in Educational Institutes - Essay Example This report stresses that academic cheating is not a new phenomenon; it has been present since the evolution of different examination tools used in the academic arena. Davis reports that students, who believed that they would fail in a particular class or test that was being scored, resorted to cheat in order to avoid failure. This paper makes a conclusion that cheating in previous years mainly included copying someone else’s homework and presenting it as one’s own work or cheating used to take place during examination sessions while students used to carry small pieces of paper with them to copy from it during examination. Previously, cheating even constituted of asking answers from fellow students during examination sessions while ensuring that the invigilators and teachers were not aware of the event taking place. According to Staples, cheating gas becomes quite subtle and that is mainly due to information that is available over the internet. Staples state that now students tend to copy information directly from the internet and simply present them to their instructors as their own work and this form of cheating is mostly conducted by students who have just enrolled in college level of education and are not aware that this activity is even regarded as cheating under student code of conduct of almost every educational institute. Cheating is an outcome of relaxed rules as well as corrupt teaching faculty and their aim of advancing their own self interest over the interest of others. A student cannot escape after conducting the act of cheating until he/she has assistance from those who are provided with the authority of ensuring that such activities do not occur. Educational standards in developing areas are quite low, the teaching

Samaritan Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Samaritan Woman - Essay Example Jesus told her that he could offer her â€Å"living water and will never thirst again† and also told her of her life and all she had ever done. She then knew who he was. Leaving behind her jar of water, she ran back to the village and told everyone to go see a man who told her of everything she had ever done. In my opinion, this Samaritan woman seems to be one whose character is questionable and without moral, religious and even cultural standing. Previously, she had five husbands and was currently in an unlawful marriage. In the first century Samaria, such a marriage setup was not acceptable. Marriage and family were held in high esteem and with the utmost respect. Divorce then was not a very common occurrence. Within the family, each had roles. When it came to their cultural taboo, a Jewish man was not allowed to speak to a woman in public. Therefore, just like the twenty-first century, marriage involving the union of a man and woman is highly regarded. It is not to be dissolved indefinitely unless in cases of infidelity. However, despite divorce cases being rampant as compared to the first century, it is not wrong for a man to speak to a woman in public in this era. From a Christian perspective, a man and a woman are supposed to be legally married for their marriage setup to be lawful. Although the Samaritan woman was sinful, Jesus gave her another chance to repent and change her ways just as we today should hearken unto the word of God and change our sinful acts.

Strategic Business Management And Planning A Swot Analysis Of Pepsico Business Essay

Strategic Business Management And Planning A Swot Analysis Of Pepsico Business Essay The greatest rival of Pepsi is Coca Cola. Coca Cola is an international recognized brand. Its brand name is its basic strength. But Pepsi is successfully maintaining its No.1 position in India as with its aggressive marketing planning and quick diversification in creating and developing more ideas and product packaging. Pepsi is operating in India, through 36 bottlers all over India. These bottlers are Pepsis strength. Pepsi has given franchise to these bottlers. Bottlers distribute, produce and help in promoting the brand. Pepsi also launched its fast food chain KFC i.e. Kentucky Fried Chicken. Pepsi is a very well organized multinational company, which operates almost all over the world even in India it has also proved to be the No.1 soft drink. The purpose of this assignment is study the strategies which Pepsi has applied in India market for its product Pepsi Cola. Pepsi International is a world renowned brand. Also did analysis of the soft drink industry in India and worldwide. The worlds leading beverage sector are soft drinks. Global consumption of soft drinks is rising by 7-9% a year and soft drink consumption increased by almost 500% during last 50 years (Putnam and allshouse 1999). Contents Index Page No. Introduction Pepsi operates almost all over the world and it is a very well organized multinational company. Pepsi International is world renowned brand. One of the best carbonated drink producers is Pepsi. It is best in quality, hygiene and serving all over the world. The production of Cola by Pepsi is more than 100 years and it has controlled the world market for over a century now, its head office is situated in New York. About PepsiCo in India PepsiCo arrived in India in 1989 and has become the countrys largest selling food and beverages Company. PepsiCo has created a business which serves the long term dynamic needs of consumers in India and it is one of the largest multinational investors in the country. Soft drinks observe healthy growth in India. The group has developed an expansive beverage and foods business. There are 36 bottling plants in India of which 13 are owned by the company and 12 are owned by the franchisee, to support its operations. In expansion to this, PepsiCos Frito Lay foods division has 3 state-of-the-art plants. PepsiCos vision is to make tomorrow better than today as it business is based on sustainability. Its commitment to living by this vision every day is visible in its contribution to the country, consumers and farmers. Mission Every business starts with mission and vision. A mission statement is an approved, short, written statement of the purpose of the company or organization. The mission statement should teach the activity of the organization, give out its overall goal, and guide the sense of direction and decision making. It arranges the framework or context within which companys strategies are designed. (hughes K 2005) According to the companys official site, PepsiCo Incorporateds mission is to make it: the worlds chair consumer products company, focusing on benefitted foods and beverages. PepsiCo contest to produce healthier financial rewards to investors as it provides chances for growth and enhancement to its employees. So the overall mission of PepsiCo is to expand the value of shareholders investments. This is resulted through growth of sales, cost controls and wise investments of resources. PepsiCo believes in providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound and also believes that their commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to their customers and consumers. Vision PepsiCo is one of the largest companies in the world. It is the worlds largest consumer products companies. PepsiCo initiates in focusing various strategies and believes that they will drive growth and ensure the companys success. When planning any change in mission and objectives it is important to consider their result of such a change on the companys long term strategies. Whatever PepsiCo is doing, it seems to be doing well. The biggest exposure combined in changing mission and objectives would be a loss of focus and loss of momentum. (PepsiCo Vision and Strategy) SWOT Analysis Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats A SWOT analysis summarizes the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability of an organization. SWOT helps the company to look itself for better and for worse. SWOT is a mean by which the company can better understand what it does very well and where its shortcomings are. It helps company size up the competitive landscape and gets some insight into the vagaries of market place. SWOT is centered to make an internal analysis effective and accurate so that specific strengths and weaknesses of the company with the sound strategy can be built. Source: www.scribd.com/doc/30755295/swot-analysis-pepsi Porter Five Forces Strengths One of PepsiCos top brands i.e. Pepsi is one of the most acknowledgeable brands of the world, ranked according to Interbrand. It was ranked 26th amongst top 100 global brands since 2008. The strength of the brands of PepsiCo is distinct in PepsiCos presence in over 200 countries. It has the largest market share at 39% in the US beverage and at 25% in snack food. It is a multinational company which is very strong and has strong and vast distribution channels. It has a very good relation with Franchise. This company is quality conscious and provides good quality products. Technological Factor Technology is used in manufacturing and packaging of the product, transportation of raw material or delivery of product. Technology affects the transportation costs, production costs and unskilled labor. It also plays an important role in packing of product. The market need to study several important topics to make the best use of modern information technology and marketing information system as strategic asset. The company has a tag line Ye Hi Hai Right Choice Baby. Technology is shaping peoples lives as the most dramatic forces. PESTEL Framework relates this factor. PESTEL Framework Weakness By using weakness analysis we can know about the companys weaknesses and shortcomings so that the profit can be rebuilt. PepsiCo is reliant upon particular carbonated drinks and there is a saturation of carbonated soft drink segment. The company has centralized making factor. One of the strongest weaknesses of this company is that the products it produces target only the young customers. The Franchises are political. Not all products bear the company name. Overdependence on Wal-Mart The largest customer of PepsiCo is Wal-Mart. Therefore the business strategy of Wal-Mart influenced the PepsiCos fortunes. PepsiCo is in pressure to hold down its prices because of Wal-Marts low price themes. Bargaining Power of Customers The power of buyers is the force that customers have on a producing industry. In general, when buyer power is strong the relationship to the producing industry is near to what economist terms- a market in which there are many suppliers and one buyer. Under such market conditions the buyer sets the price. In India the bargaining power is low as the products produces the company is accepted by the consumers. There is no participation of consumers in deciding the taste of soft drink. (Porters Five Forces) Bargaining Power of Suppliers For carbonated soft drink industry there are few suppliers. Every producing industry requires raw materials- components, labor and other supplies. This enhances the buyer-supplier relationship between the industry and the firms that provide it the raw materials used to create products. Also, it is safe to assume that Pepsi and Coke sales account for a large percentage of the suppliers total revenues. The overall bargaining power of suppliers is resulted to be low. Porters Five Forces model can be applied from the above. Today the people are very trendy sensitive towards the advertisement. Therefore people drink Dew on fashionable and trendy. Considering this PepsiCo targeted new generation people and they are able to differentiate between them, few people are conscious about caffeine so they might have negative anticipation about soft drink. Also some people think that in manufacturing process soft drink companies spreading the pollution. We can relate this above statement by applying PESTEL analysis as the social factor is affected because of above point. Opportunities By the increasing population in India it increases the opportunities to the company. As more people keep more demands and also the continuous shifting trend of population also increases the opportunities for the company. For instance, people will exchange to soft drinks from juice and fast foods as the effect from changing social trends. One of the most potential weaknesses seeking by PepsiCo is dependency on US Markets by acquiring Russias leading Juice Company, Lebedyansky in the United Kingdom. By introducing TrueNorth Nut Snacks and increasing its Lipton Tea venture with Unilever, it continues to expand its product based. These recent initiatives enable PepsiCo to regulate in changing lifestyles of its consumers. The demand of Pepsi is over the competitor. PepsiCo can join with major showrooms restaurants with more opportunities. New products can easily penetrate in the market and the most benefitted chance for this company is that non-carbonated is fast growing industry in the world. With increasing opportunities the company does internet promotions and ordering processes. Threats New Entrants Any firm can enter or exit in a market and if free entry or exit exists, then profits always could e nominal. As the raw materials, machinery, labors are easily available in the country there are no barriers to entry in the soft drink processing industry. Because of the generations of loyal customers, the retaliation level of the companies in the industry is very low. According to Porters Five Forces model a new entrant to an industry brings new competence a wish to gain market share position and rather new approaches to serving customer. New player means price will be decreased and margin squeezes which results in low profitability in long run. (Michael Porter, competitive strategy 1980 pp7- 33). The challenge to Pepsi is to build further the brand loyalty in their core cola products so that the consumers will not switch to the cheaper, private label imitations products. Pepsi must maintain the good relations with large retailers as the access to distribution channels is currently one of the largest barriers to entry. Rivalries can also affect the threats of the company. From the model of Porters Five Forces rivalry refers to the actions taken by the firms in the industry to improve their position and gain advantage over each other. All the companies are charging the same prices against their products in the industry. If Pepsi increases the prices of the soft drink, all the companies follow the same path. In a maturing market such as the domestic carbonated sodas, the only way to gain market share is to steal from ones rivals. Substitutes- Substitute products refer to the products in other industries. A threat of substitutes occurs in the change of prices and the product demand is affected of a substitute product. If the more substitute products become available of Pepsi, the demand becomes stretchier since customers have more alternatives. (Michael E Porter Competitive Strategy 1980 pp7-33) Pepsi has a substitute available in the market so that the cola consumption decreases it increases the consumption of bottled water, juices, teas and energy drinks of Pepsi. Conclusion From the above discussion on PepsiCo should increase its market share by tie up with different restaurants and clubs as well as continue or go up with already adopted strategies increase its share through huge advertisement and through sponsoring different events such as it continuously sponsoring cricket matches at national and international levels. It is concluded that the strategies bought up by PepsiCo is not making any effect on the sale of Cola, whereas one is cannibalizing others market only. It is also found that Pepsi brand is behind the Coke especially in Muslim dominated area, which makes a major difference in the market. Pepsi should also focus on increasing pricing advantage. This can be done by one of the ways by giving reverse quantity discounts on new packaging. Another strategy can be used y providing bundled products to convenience stores and restaurants. It can be said that although lagging behind in different products or different areas Pepsi has been able to market their products and increase market share and market growth by applying different strategies and approaches.

Business Finance

Multinational Business Finance, 12e (Eiteman, et al) Chapter 1 Globalization and the Multinational Enterprise 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following are critical to a firm trying to reach the top of the â€Å"firm value pyramid†? A) An open market place. B) High quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) all of the above Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 2) A well-established, large U.S. -based MNE will probably NOT be able to overcome which of the following obstacles to maximizing firm value? A) An open market place. B) High quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Recognition 3) A well-established, large China-based MNE will probably be most adversely affected by which of the follow ing elements of firm value? A) An open marketplace. B) High-quality strategic management. C) Access to capital.D) Access to qualified labor pool. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 4) A well-established, large, Brazil-based MNE will probably be most adversely affected by which of the following elements of firm value? A) An open marketplace. B) High-quality strategic management. C) Access to capital. D) Access to qualified labor pool. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual True/False ) Three necessary conditions for a firm to reach the top of the â€Å"firm value pyramid† are an open market place, high quality strategic management, and access to capital. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 2) Comparative advantage is one of the underlying principles driving the growth of global business. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Recognition Essay 1) List and explain three strategic motives why firms become multinationals and give an example of each.Answer: The authors provide 5 strategic motives for firms to become multinationals: market seekers, raw materials seekers, production efficiency seekers, knowledge seekers, and political safety seekers. Market seekers are looking for more consumers for their products such as automobiles or steel. Knowledge seekers may be looking for an educated work force similar to the way firms seeking R and D set up shop in university towns. Raw materials seekers may be after commodities such as oil or copper. Production efficiencies may occur in countries like Mexico that have capable workers and lower wages.Political safety seekers are looking for countries that will not expropriate their assets, so they may stay away from countries that in the post have engaged in such activities. Diff: 3 Topic: 1. 1 Globalization and Creating Value in the Multinational Enterprise Skill: Conceptual 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Multiple Choice 1) The theory that suggests specialization by country can increase worldwide production is ________. A) the theory of comparative advantage B) the theory of foreign direct investment C) the international Fisher effect D) the theory of working capital managementAnswer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 2) Which of the following is NOT a reason governments interfere with comparative advantage? A) Governments attempt to achieve full employment. B) Governments promote economic development. C) National self-sufficiency in defense-related industries. D) All are reasons governments interfere with comparative advantage. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 3) Which of the following factors of p roduction DO NOT flow freely between countries? A) Raw materialsB) Financial capital C) (Non-military) Technology D) All of the above factors of production flow freely among countries. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 4) Which of the following would NOT be a way to implement comparative advantage? A) IBM exports computers to Egypt. B) Computer hardware is designed in the United States but manufactured and assembled in Korea. C) Water of the greatest purity is obtained from wells in Oregon, bottled, and exported worldwide. D) All of the above are examples of ways to implement comparative advantage.Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Conceptual 5) Of the following, which would NOT be considered a way that government interferes with comparative advantage? A) Tariffs. B) Managerial skills. C) Quotas. D) Other non-tariff restrictions. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition True/False 1) The theory of comparative advantage owes it origins to Ben Bernanke as described in his book The Wealth of Bankers. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition ) International trade might have approached the comparative advantage model in the 19th century, and it does so even more today. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Conceptual 3) Comparative advantage shifts over time as less developed countries become more developed and realize their latent opportunities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 4) Comparative advantage in the 21st century is based more on services and their cross border facilitation by telecommunications and the Internet.Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 5) Comparative advantage was once the cornerstone of international trade theory, but tod ay it is archaic, simplistic, and irrelevant for explaining investment choices made by MNEs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage Skill: Recognition 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following domestic financial instruments have NOT been modified for use in international financial management? A) Currency options and futures.B) Interest rate and currency swaps. C) Letters of credit. D) All of the above are domestic financial instruments that have also been modified for use in international financial markets. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Skill: Recognition True/False 1) MNEs must modify finance theories like cost of capital and capital budgeting because of foreign complexities. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 3 What Is Different about Global Financial Management? Skill: Recognition 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational FirmMultiple Choice 1) In determining why a firm becomes multinational there are many reasons. One reason is that the firm is a market seeker. Which of the following is NOT a reason why market seeking firms produce in foreign countries? A) Satisfaction of local demand in the foreign country. B) Satisfaction of local demand in the domestic markets. C) Political safely and small likelihood of government expropriation of assets. D) All of the above are market-seeking activities. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition ) ________ investments are designed to promote and enhance the growth and profitability of the firm. ________ investments are designed to deny those same opportunities to the firm's competitors. A) Conservative; Aggressive B) Defensive; Proactive C) Proactive; Defensive D) Aggressive; Proactive Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existen ce of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition True/False 1) For firms competing in a world characterized by oligopolistic competition, strategic motives can be subdivided into proactive and defensive investments. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition 2) Defensive measures are designed to enhance growth and profitability of the firm itself. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 4 Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm Skill: Recognition 1. 5 The Globalization Process Multiple Choice 1) The phase of the globalization process characterized by imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers is called the A) domestic phase. B) multinational phase. C) international trade phase.D) import-export banking phase. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 2) The authors describe the multinational phase of globalization for a firm as one characterized by the A) ownership of assets and enterprises in foreign countries. B) potential for international competitors or suppliers even though all accounts are with domestic firms and are denominated in dollars. C) imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers. D) requirement that all employees be multilingual. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition ) A firm in the International Trade Phase of Globalization A) makes all foreign payments in foreign currency units and all foreign receipts in domestic currency units. B) receives all foreign receipts in foreign currency units and makes all foreign payments in domestic currency units. C) bears direct foreign exchange risk. D) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Conceptual 4) Of the following, which was NOT mentioned by the authors as an increase in the demands of financial management services due to increased globalization b y the firm?A) Evaluation of the credit quality of foreign buyers and sellers. B) Foreign consumer method of payment preferences. C) Credit risk management. D) Evaluation of foreign exchange risk. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 5) Of the following, which was NOT mentioned by the authors as an increase in the demands of financial management services due to increased globalization by the firm? A) Evaluation of the credit quality of foreign buyers and sellers. B) Foreign consumer method of payment preferences. C) Credit risk management.D) Evaluation of foreign exchange risk. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 6) The authors describe the multinational phase of globalization for a firm as one characterized by the A) ownership of assets and enterprises in foreign countries. B) potential for international competitors or suppliers even though all accounts are with domestic firms and are denominated in dollars . C) imports from foreign suppliers and exports to foreign buyers. D) requirement that all employees be multilingual. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization ProcessSkill: Recognition 7) The twin agency problems limiting financial globalization are caused by these two groups acting in their own self-interests rather than the interests of the firm. A) Rulers of sovereign states and unsavory customs officials. B) Corporate insiders and attorneys. C) Corporate insiders and rulers of sovereign states. D) Attorneys and unsavory customs officials. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition True/False 1) Typically, a firm in its domestic stage of globalization has all financial transactions in its domestic currency.Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Conceptual 2) Typically, a â€Å"greenfield† investment abroad is considered a greater foreign investment having a greater foreign presence than a joint venture with a foreign firm. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Recognition 3) The authors argue that financial inefficiency caused by influential insiders may prove to be an increasingly troublesome barrier to international finance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: 1. 5 The Globalization Process Skill: Conceptual

Accounting Principles and Practices Performed by Small Businesses in the Philippines

College of Business Administration Abstract: This research aims to gain the knowledge and awareness on the accounting practices done by small businesses. It aims to inform and learn about small businesses’ and their compliance to the standard practices of accounting in the Philippines, whether or not these businesses are following the basic accounting principles and what alternatives of accounting do they perform.And lastly, to provide recommendations to the businesses owners and other persons involved, on what accounting practice is more suitable for small businesses. Through the use a variety of reference materials, such as reference books, text books and internet sources, information related to the study has been compiled and put together to form the appropriate knowledge needed for the study.Through the findings, the researchers classified two types of accounting practices performed by small businesses: Formal Accounting, this accounting practice is based on the actual Phi lippine accounting standard provided by the IFRS, and a Semi-Formal Accounting, a combination of the IFRS accounting and the Single entry record system. Keywords: Accounting, Accounting Principles, Accounting Practices, Small Business, Small Business Accounting Introduction There are more than a million businesses spread throughout the Philippines.From high rising commercial entities in the big cities, to the smallest businesses found in the front yard of residential homes in rural or urban areas. Business can be defined as a person, partnership, or corporation that seeks to provide goods and services to others at a profit (Dias and Shah, 2009) Businesses are among one of the factors affecting the economic growth in the country. Generally, taxes and investments earned by these businesses, through the purchases of their consumers, are paid to the Government. Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in developing economies.Among their contributions are as foll ows: (a) they address poverty by creating jobs and by increasing incomes; (b) they disperse economic activities in the countryside, and provide broad-based sources of growth; (c) they serve as suppliers and providers of support services for large enterprises; (d) they stimulate entrepreneurial skills among the populace; and (e) they act as incubators for developing domestic enterprises into large corporations. SMEs typically comprise the bulk of business enterprises in both developed and developing countries.They also employ a large segment of a country's workforce, and contribute significantly to national output (Habaradas, 2008) However, not all businesses contribute to the economic growth of the country especially for small independent businesses in private homes. Such examples are self-employed proprietors and street vendors whose businesses are not registered to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR). Legally registered businesses (small businesses) on the other hand, contribute to the economic growth through payments of taxes collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.Such businesses record transactions or accounting information to keep track and allocate assets, liabilities and the owner’s equity. Through this accounting information, the owners will be able to allocate their assets for the expenses of tax payments. It may be said that the accounting practice is for formalities and usually performed by large business entities. However it is important for small businesses to apply the accounting practices in order to easily keep track and record important transactions especially those which concern large amounts of money.Accounting is important in achieving success in any business, especially a small one. Accounting is tied to the business’ financial well bing, without it, it will be hard to determine whether there is a positive or negative increase to the profit of the business. Accounting records must accurately reflect the changes occurrin g in the firm’s assets, liabilities, income, expenses and equity. The continued operation of a business depends on maintaining the proper balance among its investments, revenues, expenses and profit.Because profit margins are so critical to the success of a business, any decline should trigger an immediate search for the cause. Thus, the owner must rely on the accounting information to search this cause (Byrd and Megginson, 2009) The purpose of a business is to make a profit; proper business accounting helps determine how well the business runs. Accounting is the general process of tracking income and expenses and then using that data to examine the financial status of a business. (Strauss, 2005) The accounting practices performed by larger businesses are usually formal, specific and detailed and done by certified accountants.Small business accounting may be performed in various styles, with no formality and proper structure, and usually done by the owners themselves. A varie ty of accounting styles maybe derived from the informal accounting performed by small businesses. Some styles may have the same structure, making it similar to other businesses thus having slight uniformity. Review of Related Literature Small Businesses A small Business is any business that is independently owned and independently owned and operated, is not dominant in its field, and does not engage in many new or innovative practices.It may never grow large, and the owners may not want it to, as they usually prefer a more relaxed and less aggressive approach to running the business. They manage their business in a normal way, expecting normal sales, profits, and growth. In other words, they seek a certain degree of freedom and ideally a certain degree of financial independence. (Byrd ;amp; Megginson, 2009) Accounting Accounting is a service activity; Its function is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be us eful in making economic decision.Accounting includes several branches, for example, financial accounting, managerial accounting, and government accounting. This statement deals with financial accounting for business enterprises, the branch of accounting that focuses on the general-purpose reports on financial position and results of operations known as financial statements. This Statement has two broad purposes: (A) to provide a basis for enhanced understanding of the broad fundamentals of financial accounting, and (B) to provide a basis for guiding the future development of financial accounting. n. d. , 1998) Financial statements are prepared and presented for external users by many entities around the world. Although such financial statements may appear similar from country to country, there are differences which have probably been caused by a variety of social, economic and legal circumstances and by different countries having in mind the needs of different users of financial sta tements when setting national requirements.The accounting conceptual framework, formerly known as the Framework for the Presentation of financial Statements by the IASC, serves as the foundation for the development of accounting standards by the International Accounting Standards board. It’s main objective is to narrow the differences in financial statements of different entities by harmonizing regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. (Robles ;amp; Empleo, 2007) Structure of the Philippine AccountingThe Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements adopted in the Philippines is based on the International Accounting Standards Committee’s (IASC) Framework for the Preparation and presentation of Financial Statements. This was approved in the Philippines on January 26, 2000 by the unanimous vote of the members of the Accounting Standards Council (ASC). The ASC was the fun ctioning accounting standard setting body in the Philippines, when the Philippines decided to adopt the International Accounting Standards.The same Framework was upheld by the International Accounting Standards Board, when the latter succeeded the International Accounting Standards Committee in 2001. In the Philippines, the ASC was succeeded by the currently functioning Financial Reporting Standards Council (FRSC). The FRSC assists the Board of Accountancy in the latter’s function of adopting and promulgating the International Financial Reporting Standards. Thus, both the IASB and the locally functioning FRSC in the Philippines are guided by the same Framework. Robles ;amp; Empleo, 2007) The IFRS for SMEs The Philippine Institute for Public Accountants (PICPA) now recognizes the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) recently released International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs), as an official set of accounting sta ndards to be audited against. (Brozovsky, Christie & Hicks, 2010) The IFRS for SMEs was adopted in the Philippines effective January 1, 2010, and is known as the Philippine Financial Reporting Standards for Small-Medium Entities (PFRS for SMEs).The Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted a definition of â€Å"small and medium-sized entities† that includes a size criterion. As defined by SEC, an entity is an SME if: it is not in the process of filing its financial statements for the purpose of issuing any class of instruments in a public market and, it is not a holder of a secondary license issued by a regulatory agency, such as bank (all types of banks), an investment house, a finance company, an insurance company, a securities broker / dealer, a mutual fund and a pre-need company.The Philippines has been acknowledged by political scientists and economists as a newly industrialize nation. The country is experiencing rapid economic growth usually export -oriented and on-going industrialization. The Accounting Standards Council (ASC) is responsible for establishing and improving generally accepted accounting standards. Development of such standards are based on existing practices in the country, as well as statements and studies issued by other standard setting bodies like the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) and the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB).The ASC, which was renamed as the Financial Reporting Standards Council (FRSC) decided to replace its US-based standards with International Accounting Standards (IAS), later referred to as IFRS. The Philippines also adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards in 2005. It modified its accounting practices slightly to adjust to Philippine policies making the Philippine Financial Reporting Standard (PFRS), and the Philippine Accounting Standards (PAS).Businesses are fully aware of the changes from GAAP to IFRS, which now apply the new IFRS procedures , and modifications that were implemented taking effect in 2009. These companies are now preparing their financial statements in compliance with the PFRS. The Philippines has fully implemented the IFRS. In April 2010, The Philippines adopted IFRS for SMEs referred to as Philippine Financial Reporting Standard for SMEs. These standards can be used by an entity that is not a listed company, a large unlisted company, and a financial institution or public utility. (Ibarra & Suez-Sales, 2011)The International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) was established in 2001 as part of the International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) Foundation. One of the objectives of the IASC foundation and of the IASB is: to develop, in the public interest, a single set of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards that are require high quality, transparent and comparable information in financial statements and other financial reporting to help participants in the world’s capital markets and other users make economic decisions.The IASB also develops and publishes a separate standard intended to apply to the general purpose and other financial statements of, and other financial reporting by, entities that in many countries are referred to by a variety of terms, including small and medium-sized entities (SMEs), private entities, and non-publicly accountable entities. That standard is the International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs).SMEs often produce financial statements only for the use of tax authorities or other governmental authorities. Financial statements produced solely for those purposes are not necessarily general purpose financial statements. (Alliance of Accounting and Auditing Researchers, n. d. ) Accounting Policies The IFRS for SMEs is indented for the use of small and medium sized entities (SMEs). Small and medium-sized entities are entities that do not have public account ability, and publish general purpose financial statements for external users.Examples of external users include owners who are not involved in managing the business, existing and potential creditors and credit rating agencies. Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements. If this IFRS specially addresses a transaction, other event or condition, an entity shall apply this IFRS. However, the entity need not to follow a requirement in this IFRS in the effect of doing so would not be material.If this IFRS specifically address a transaction, other event or condition, an entity’s management shall use its judgement in developing and applying an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant to the economic decision-making needs of users, and reliable, in that the financial statements represent faithfully the financial position, financial performance and c ash flow of the entity; reflect the economic substance of transactions, other events and conditions, and not merely the legal form; are neutral, i. . free from bias; are prudent; and are complete in all materials respects. An entity shall select and apply its accounting policies consistently for similar transactions, other events and conditions, unless this IFRS specifically requires or permits categorisation of items for which different policies may be appropriate. If this IFRS requires or permits such categorisation, an appropriate accounting policy shall be selected and applied consistently to each category.An entity shall change an accounting policy only if the change is required by changes to this IFRS, or results in the financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information about the effects or transactions, other events or conditions on the entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows. (Alliance of Accounting and Auditing Researchers, n. d. ) Need of Accounting Information for Small Businesses In order to operate a business effectively, the owner should be informed as to the nature and amount of each asset, each liability, and the amount of owner’s equity.For purposes of planning and controlling business operations, the owner should also know when, why and how frequently changes occurs in the various assets, liabilities and the owner’s equity of the business. Without written records, business owners are not able to keep track of the nature and the amount of the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity and the changes that occur in their composition. A good record keeping system is usually essential to provide the necessary information.This system of record keeping should show the effect of each transaction on the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity of the business. (Taylor, 2003) Proper Business Records There are several reasons (and advantages) for keeping good business records, an d many of them are a real a real advantage: (1) to show financial standings, (2) to help make important financial decisions, (3) to help control VAT – collecting it in and paying it out, (4) to help audit in certain cases, and keep the auditing costs down, (5) to discuss your financial position with other people.Unless the owners decide otherwise, there is no legal need for an annual audit of the records of a sole trader or a partnership. There is, however, a legal obligation for an annual audit of the accounts of most limited companies. There will be some expenses which are partly for business and partly for private purposes. Recording of business transactions also depends on the size of the business. There can be no hard and fast categories for size of a business. But obviously a national chain store will have a more sophisticated accounting system than a local trader with a market stall.The point at which more complicated records needed, will also depend partly on the type of trade. There are three types of entity commonly found running a business. These are: Sole traders, Partnerships and Limited Companies. Sole traders are persons owning the business which he is running in his own right. Since the person is trading in his own right he is personally responsible for any debts his business incurs. Partnerships are groups of people owning and running the business. It is the individuals in the partnership who are responsible for the partnership debts.Limited Companies are businesses which are owned by at least two people who may or may not also be involved in the day-to-day running of the business. The owners have a limited personal liability for the debts incurred by the company which is a separate legal ‘person’ or entity. The day-to-day running of a limited company is entrusted to its directors. The directors of a company may also be the shareholders. (Taylor, 2003) Businesses can also be classified into three broad categories: public co mpanies, private companies, and small businesses.The distinction between the latter two is the size of the company. Though small, these businesses are important in the aggregate as the major creator of new jobs. Small businesses also constitute a major source of clients for local and regional CPA firms. The need for accounting reports varies among the three classes of businesses. Accounting reports are used to comply with various government reporting requirements. Primary among these is the need to report a business's income, personal property, and payroll to the necessary tax authorities.The relative importance of different uses of accounting reports varies with the size of the business. (Brozovsky, Christie ;amp; Hicks, 2010) Accounting Principles and Practices Most businesses typically use one of two basic accounting methods in their bookkeeping systems: cash basis and accrual basis. While most businesses use the accrual basis, the most appropriate method for a company depends on the sales volume, whether or not you sell on credit, and your business structure. The cash method is the most simple in that the books are kept based on the actual flow of cash in and out of the business.Income is recorded when it is received, and expenses are reported when they are actually paid. The cash method is used by many sole proprietors and businesses with no inventory. From a tax standpoint, it is sometimes advantageous for a new business to use the cash method of accounting. That way, recording income can be put off until the next tax year, while expenses are counted right away. With the accrual method, income and expenses are recorded as they occur, regardless of whether or not cash has actually changed hands. An excellent example is a sale on credit.The sale is entered into the books when the invoice is generated rather than when the cash is collected. Likewise, an expense occurs when materials are ordered or when a workday has been logged in by an employee, not when t he check is actually written. The downside of this method is that payment of income taxes on revenue are made before actually receiving it. The accrual method is required if annual sales exceed $5 million and the venture is structured as a corporation. In addition, businesses with inventory must also use this method.It also is highly recommended for any business that sells on credit, as it more accurately matches income and expenses during a given time period. The cash method may be appropriate for a small, cash-based business or a small service company. (Leonsky, 1998) Accounting is the general process of tracking your income and expenses and then using that data to examine the financial status of your business. The basic accounting tool is the general ledger. It is the place where you keep track of all the business’ financial transactions.That information is then used to create financial statements such as balance sheets and income statements. (Strauss, 2007) An accounting system structures the flow of financial information to provide a complete picture of a firm’s financial activities. There are two types of accounting systems performed by small businesses: (1) the single-entry system and (2) the double-entry system. The single-entry record-keeping system is occasionally still found in the very small business. It is not, however, a system recommended for firms that are striving to grow and achieve effective financial planning.A single entry-system neither incorporates a balance sheet nor directly generates and income statement. A single-entry system is a check book system of accounting reflecting only receipts and disbursements. A double-entry system is a type of accounting system that provides a self-balancing mechanism in the form of two counterbalancing entries for each transaction recorded. It can be done with the record-keeping journals and ledgers found in most office supply retail stores. However, the relatively simple accounting softwa re programs designed for small firms are preferable. Longenecker, 2006) Conclusion Based on the information gathered by the researchers, the researchers have come up with a conclusion to the stated problem. The researcher has classified two types of accounting practice/principles performed by small businesses namely: Formal Accounting and Semi-Formal Accounting. Formal Accounting practice are based on the standards of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) The IFRS for SMEs is indented for the use of small and medium sized entities (SMEs).Small and medium-sized entities are entities that are defined as not having public accountability, and do not publish general purpose financial statements for external users. The Semi-Formal Accounting practice is a combination of the Formal Accounting Practice (based on the IFRS for SMEs), and the Single-entry record keeping or booking keeping system. In the Single-Entry system, mostly pe rformed by small businesses, business owners record only the most important or essential transactions for the business which usually contain only the following: cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and taxes.However, by performing this system, the owners still apply some of the standards given by the IFRS for SMEs. Most businesses however, perform only the Single-entry system. It is a much easier and convenient accounting practice that is preferable by the owners of small businesses because of its comprehensiveness in storing only the important accounting information needed by such businesses. Recommendation The Single-entry system, for most business owners, is mostly performed for its convenience and completeness. The researcher recommends, however, for the owners to apply the Formal accounting practice.The IFRS for SMEs, established by the IASB, was made specifically for small businesses to use. This accounting standard is best recommended for small businesses to attain uni formity among all other businesses alike. This will not only provide advantage to the owners but also to the users of the accounting information. It is still reminded that smaller businesses; such as vendors, sari-sari stores, restaurants or eateries; are not recommended to perform such complicated accounting practice but, they are still advised to record accounting information.The recommended accounting practice for such businesses is the Single-entry system. The researchers provide further recommendations toward the persons involved: 1. To the Business Owners of small businesses, they must obey and follow the accounting standards of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small-Medium Entities (IFRS for SMEs), mentioned in this research, to attain uniformity among other small businesses which practice the accounting standard of the IFRS. 2.To the College of Business Administration and its faculty members, in which they can use this research as an instructional material or instrument in teaching their students about topics relating to the research. 3. To the Graduates of the College of Business Administration, who plans to have their own business or put up a small business; that this research may serve as a reference and as a guide for their first steps in being entrepreneurs. 4. To the Students of the College of Business Administration, in which they can use this research as a reference material to their academic studies.Bibliography 1. Alliance of Accounting and Auditing Researchers. (n. d. ). International / Philippine Financial Reporting Standard for Small and medium-sized entities (IFRS / PFRS for SME’s). n. d. 2. Brozovsky, John, Nancy Christie, ;amp; Sam Hicks. (2010, July). Accounting for small businesses: the role of IFRS. Academic OneFile. Retrieved July 17, 2012, http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA234140898;amp;v=2. 1;amp;u=lyceumph;amp;it=r;amp;p=AONE;amp;sw=w 3. Byrd, Mary Jane ;amp; Megginson, L. C. (2009).Small Bus iness Management An Entrepreneur’s Guidebook. (Seventh Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4. Dias, Laura ;amp; Shah, A. J. (2009). Introduction to Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5. Habaradas, Raymund B. (2008, March). SME development and technology upgrading in Malaysia: lessons for the Philippines. Academic OneFile. Retireved July 17, 2012, http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA204419292;amp;v=2. 1;amp;u=lyceumph;amp;it=r;amp;p=AONE;amp;sw=w 6. Ibarra, Venus and Suez-Sales, M. G. (2011, December). A comparison of the International